Data Backup and Life Cycle Restore in the Enterprises and Companies Research Proposal

Data Backup and Life Cycle Restore in the Enterprises and Companies - Research Proposal Example w data base management systems (DBMS) perform the backup/restore operations, How about the automatic and manual backup, what's the data will been restored regarding the network limitation of bandwidth and work time and How we can construct a strong Disaster recovery plan. All these point will be discussed and covered in my research. This dissertation has not made possible without the help of some key persons who in one way or the other help succeed in the completion of this paper. To Mr./Ms. (insert name of adviser or instructor), who served as my adviser and instructor with this paper. He had not just thought me to do the technical part but also encouraged and gave me challenge in the field of study I practised. Thank you for being a mentor all the way. With this, I would like to take the opportunity to thank as well to my parents and friends who are always there to lend a helping hand. And, to my classmates who shared time and experiences along the duration of school years, thank you all. March 4, 2007 Table of Contents Data Backup System Over Networks 1 Sam 1 Abstract 1 Abstract 1 Acknowledgements 2 Acknowledgements 2 Table of Contents 3 Table of Contents 3 List of Figures 4 List of Figures 4 1 Introduction 5 2 Backup and Recovery 8 3 Backups and Tape Storage 14 4 Network Disaster Recovery 20 5 Conclusion 21 References 23 References 23 Appendix 1: Dissertation Proposal 25 Appendix 1: Dissertation Proposal 25 List of Figures Figure 1. Information Security Policy and Procedure Hierarchy 13 Figure 2.Prototype Set-up of Data Backup Over Network 17 1 Introduction In this e-centric day and age of organisations have come to rely on IT infrastructures not just and aid to business, but for some, as the core of their business. Safe, secure, and reliable computing and telecommunications are essential to these organisations. As these organisations begin to understand the importance of information security and data backup, they are developing security programs that are often under the direction of the CIO. This program includes more than just people and technology 1.1 Background and Context In the field of information technology, backup refers to the replication of data so that these supplementary copies may be restored after a data loss event. Backups are useful above all for two purposes: to restore a computer to an operational state subsequent a catastrophe (called disaster recovery) and to restore small numbers of files after they have been accidentally deleted or corrupted. Backups are at variance from archives in the sense that archives are the primary copy of data and backups are a secondary copy of data. Backup systems differ from fault-tolerant systems in the sense that

A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A raisin in the sun - Essay Example It is like the concepts of freedom, democracy, socialism and so many other words that are too profound to comprehend it its fullest of terms. As an example, can one truly have freedom Society has put in place rules, laws and regulations. These are restraints placed by society on ones exercise of freedom. These are placed by society for the benefit of society itself so that the people can work and live in harmony. Now, Is there really freedom And yet people keep on claiming that they have freedom. The American Dream of working and at the end of it all enjoying the fruits of ones labor in terms of prosperity and fame, is the ideal scenario. It fails to take into consideration other factors that may influence the success or failure of the end goal. I would like to call these the internal and external factors. The internal factors refer to the thinking or thought processes of the individual as it reacts to the stimuli outside him. These stimuli may refer to occasions, experiences, persons or anything that affects him emotionally, mentally, socially, etc. The external factors are occurrences that either help or prevent one from reaching the coveted American Dream. Lena Younger saw the failure of the American dream in the life of her husband who worked himself to death -"working and working like somebody's old horse killing himself." Lena remembers clearly that Big Walter has plans for bride when they rented that apartment. He planned on working hard and after several months they would leave that apartment and purchase the house near their apartment. But after working hard for several months he still did not have the money to purchase a house. His dreams of purchasing a house vanished. In the end, he dies without experiencing the promise of a better life. Lena too worked most of her life. Her thick calloused hands testify to this. She knew that, like her husband, her pay would only be sufficient for their subsistence. Her dreams of owning a garden has been exchanged for the reality of a mere potted plant. She has resigned herself to the truth that hardwork alone will not bring her success. This changed when at the death of her husband she rece ives the $10,000 check from the Insurance Company. This brought her hope for a better life. Her dream would finally come true. She placed a down payment on a home with a garden. Another external factor that threatened the realization of the dream came about when the white community sent an emissary, Mr. Lindner to buy their house from them. And yet another external factor made its presence known with the loss of the rest of the Insurance money which destroys their confidence in being able to meet the monthly payments for the new house. Beneatha Younger dreams of becoming a doctor despite the pleadings of her brother that they cannot afford her schooling. When the positive external factor came in the form of the insurance money she knew that her dream would soon be realized. So, when the negative external factor occurred at the loss of the money, she could not contain herself and lashes out at her brother calling him "Monsieur le petit bourgeois noir- himself! There he is -Symbol of a Rising

Strategies of communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Strategies of communication - Essay Example The aforementioned points are important in all communicating situations whether one is transmitting persuasive, positive or negative messages. However, it must be noted that communication can be misinterpreted even if there is nothing wrong with the message due to a number of reasons. The research shows that implicit personality, logical error, the halo effect, stereotyping, differences in perception, incorrect filtering, language problems, poor listening, differing emotional states, differing backgrounds, information overload, message complexity, lack of trust, differing status, and closed communication climate can influence the process of decoding. I have been working, most of the time, in Marketing and Sales departments in different companies after completing my education. Marketing and Sales are generally considered a key department for all organizations as it generates revenues for the organization, which is vital for the survival of the organizations. Working in this department means that a person should have high communication and analytic skills because not only he holds meetings with external clients but also spends considerable time in holding meetings with various departments of the company. Almost six months ago, I changed my company and joined the current firm as General Manager where I have a team of 30 people. The climate of the organization was antagonistic and morale of the employees of the department was not very high when I joined the company.

A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

A raisin in the sun - Essay Example It is like the concepts of freedom, democracy, socialism and so many other words that are too profound to comprehend it its fullest of terms. As an example, can one truly have freedom Society has put in place rules, laws and regulations. These are restraints placed by society on ones exercise of freedom. These are placed by society for the benefit of society itself so that the people can work and live in harmony. Now, Is there really freedom And yet people keep on claiming that they have freedom. The American Dream of working and at the end of it all enjoying the fruits of ones labor in terms of prosperity and fame, is the ideal scenario. It fails to take into consideration other factors that may influence the success or failure of the end goal. I would like to call these the internal and external factors. The internal factors refer to the thinking or thought processes of the individual as it reacts to the stimuli outside him. These stimuli may refer to occasions, experiences, persons or anything that affects him emotionally, mentally, socially, etc. The external factors are occurrences that either help or prevent one from reaching the coveted American Dream. Lena Younger saw the failure of the American dream in the life of her husband who worked himself to death -"working and working like somebody's old horse killing himself." Lena remembers clearly that Big Walter has plans for bride when they rented that apartment. He planned on working hard and after several months they would leave that apartment and purchase the house near their apartment. But after working hard for several months he still did not have the money to purchase a house. His dreams of purchasing a house vanished. In the end, he dies without experiencing the promise of a better life. Lena too worked most of her life. Her thick calloused hands testify to this. She knew that, like her husband, her pay would only be sufficient for their subsistence. Her dreams of owning a garden has been exchanged for the reality of a mere potted plant. She has resigned herself to the truth that hardwork alone will not bring her success. This changed when at the death of her husband she rece ives the $10,000 check from the Insurance Company. This brought her hope for a better life. Her dream would finally come true. She placed a down payment on a home with a garden. Another external factor that threatened the realization of the dream came about when the white community sent an emissary, Mr. Lindner to buy their house from them. And yet another external factor made its presence known with the loss of the rest of the Insurance money which destroys their confidence in being able to meet the monthly payments for the new house. Beneatha Younger dreams of becoming a doctor despite the pleadings of her brother that they cannot afford her schooling. When the positive external factor came in the form of the insurance money she knew that her dream would soon be realized. So, when the negative external factor occurred at the loss of the money, she could not contain herself and lashes out at her brother calling him "Monsieur le petit bourgeois noir- himself! There he is -Symbol of a Rising

Organizational Behavior Profiles Research Paper

Organizational Behavior Profiles - Research Paper Example All of this showed his love for computers. Later when he was enrolled at Harvard, he continued bunking classes for his love of computer. There he met, Steve Balmer, who was to be his future business partner and co-found of the famous â€Å"Microsoft Corporation†. After incorporating Microsoft, Bill never returned to Harvard to complete his education. This is another example that showed that Bill Gates was a rebel against the going norms and showed that personal interest is dearer to Bill Gates than anything. Bill’s refusal to rejoin his college would have implied that he wouldn’t have been able to give much time to his organization, but since Bill was a baby boomer, he wanted to work himself and grow his brainchild â€Å"Microsoft Corporation† into a giant. Although if he had completed his education, the society would have benefited as education is a Merit good, but instead all he cared about was himself, and he was willing to deprive the society of a merit good, in order to devote time to himself and to benefit himself rather than the society. Bill’s behavior back at Microsoft Corporation wasn’t too pleasing at all. As a tender organization, back in the days, it needed charismatic leadership to grow and to become successful. Microsoft had a leader in Bill Gates. His success showed that in fact they had the best leader there is, and in time Bill Gates was to become the richest man in the world. Back in the Microsoft Corporation, Bill was an aggressive leader. He and Steve Balmer abhorred laziness and faulty work. It is also heard that Steve and Bill used to shout at their co-worker, if they think that their work was faulty or was just average. They aspired to be the best, and they believed that average work will not take them anywhere. They needed their employees to present them something that is better than competition, or otherwise, Bill and Steve would

World Wide Web and Business Community Essay Example for Free

World Wide Web and Business Community Essay The World Wide Web (abbreviated as WWW or W3, commonly known as the Web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet. With a web browser, one can view web pages that may contain text, images, videos, and other multimedia, and navigate between them via hyperlinks. Using concepts from his earlier hypertext systems like ENQUIRE, British engineer, computer scientist and at that time employee of CERN, Sir Tim Berners-Lee, now Director of the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), wrote a proposal in March 1989 for what would eventually become the World Wide Web. At CERN, a European research organisation near Geneva situated on Swiss and French soil, Berners-Lee and Belgian computer scientist Robert Cailliau proposed in 1990 to use hypertext to link and access information of various kinds as a web of nodes in which the user can browse at will, and they publicly introduced the project in December of the same year. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used in everyday speech without much distinction. However, the Internet and the World Wide Web are not one and the same. The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks. In contrast, the Web is one of the services that run on the Internet. It is a collection of text documents and other resources, linked by hyperlinks and URLs, usually accessed by web browsers from web servers. In short, the Web can be thought of as an application running on the Internet. The internet not only is a perfect medium for communication between people across the globe but also is fast becoming a preferred medium of business transactions. E-commerce is thus the tool to which big business giants of the globe are resorting to conduct their business. This does not mean that the smaller businesses are at a disadvantage. They too make full utility of it. It does not difficult to imagine the potential of the web to identify the vast market potential available. The Internet and, more particularly, the WWW are attracting businesses in their thousands, with the following appearing to be the main application areas: Publicity, Marketing and Advertising The WWW appears to be an ideal medium for businesses attempting to promote themselves and their wares. Setting up a site on the WWW, and thus gaining instant access to millions of people all over the globe, can be achieved at  a small fraction of the cost using more conventional methods (Watson, 1994). Direct On-line Selling It is already possible to visit ‘virtual malls’ full of ‘virtual shops’, browse through catalogues and examine various products in vast detail, all courtesy of the Web. This has all been made possible by the multi-media capabilities that the Web provides (Minio, 1994). Research and Development Companies, especially those involved in research and development can use the Internet as an additional resource for collecting information. Tetzeli (1994) explains how it is possible to post a query on a bulletin board or join a discussion group and receive advice on how to solve the problem. Alternatively, there are millions of Web pages, some of which contain access to searchable databases of information relating to particular subjects. Communication The use of low-cost electronic mail (e-mail) is the Internet service used most extensively by businesses (Rosen, 1994). Kehoe (1994) illustrates the strength of e-mail with the example of ‘Digital Equipment’ which has over 31,000 computers linked up to the Internet and exchanges about 1.7 million e-mail messages each month with people external to the company. INTERNET The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. Internet protocol suite (often called TCP/IP, although not all applications use TCP) to serve billions of users worldwide. It is a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and government  networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic, wireless and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents of the World Wide Web (WWW) and the infrastructure to support email. EXPLORING CYBERWORLD INTERNET WORKING CONCEPTS Computers, which are connected with internet, can communicate because of protocols. There are two protocols for working with the internet. These are: * Internet Protocol (IP) * Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Each and every computer system has an internet address to connect with internet. The computers are linked with a centralized storage medium, which is called server. This server stores all software programs and data. The computers linked with this server are called clients. When a client sends data / message over the internet, this is broken into small pieces using the TCP protocol. These small pieces are called packets. Each packet contains the information (address) of the destination and sender, this address is called IP address. These various packets are sent to the destination by the fastest possible path using devices called routers. The destination TCP software assembles all the packets to form a complete message. Hardware/Software Requirement for Internet connection The following hardware and software requirements should be met with for an internet connection. * Pentium computer with 128 MB, 256 MB or 512 MB RAM. Higher the RAM, faster is the connectivity. * Modem with 56 KBP data transmission speed * Windows interface like windows98, windows2000, windows XP etc. * CD ROM drive. * High storage hard disk 80 GB or more. * Telephone connection * TCP/IP internet account from internet service provider * Antivirus program to scan the viruses, which may come into your computer while downloading software or data from internet. Baud Baud is the unit of measuring speed of data transmission. It is measured in bits per second the higher the baud rates the more data the device can transmit per second. The amount of data that can be transferred in a single pulse/symbol will depend on the type of data transmission system being used. Bandwidth Bandwidth is the information carrying capacity of a communication channel. The channel may be analog or digital. In electronic communication, bandwidth is the width of the range of frequencies that an electronic signal uses on a given transmission medium. In this usage, bandwidth is expressed in terms of the difference between the highest frequency signal component and the lowest frequency signal component. Since the frequency of a signal is measured in hertz, a given bandwidth is the difference in hertz between the highest frequencies the signal uses lowest frequency it uses. A typical voice signal has a bandwidth of approximately three kilohertz; an analog television broadcast video signal has a bandwidth of six megahertz – some 2,000 times as wide as the voice signal. Data Transfer Rate The data transfer rate is commonly used to measure how fast data is transferred from one location to another it is the amount of digital data that is moved from one place to another in a given time. The data transfer rate can be viewed as the speed of travel of a given amount of data from one place to another. In general, the greater the bandwidth of a given path, the higher the data transfer rate. In telecommunication, data transfers in bit are usually measured per second. Measuring data transfer rate Bits are typically used in data transfer rates and bytes are used to indicate storage space. A lowercase b is used to signify bits and uppercase B is used to represent bytes. Data transfer rates on computer networks are measured in bits per second or bytes per second, with a byte equalling 8 bits. Megabits per second is written as Mbps and gigabytes per second is denoted as GBps. An Ethernet local area network (LAN) can feature data transfer rates of 10 Mbps, while some internet server boast data transfer rates measuring in GBps. Bits and Bytes Bits and bytes are the units of measure for data transfer rate and storage capacity. We generally use bits for measuring the speed of data transfer. All standard devices show the speed in bits per second. Wireless Network Wireless network refers to any type of computer network that is not connected by cables of any kind. It is a method by which homes, telecommunications networks and enterprise (business) installations avoid the costly process of introducing cables into a building, or as a connection between various equipment locations. Wireless telecommunications networks are generally implemented and administered using radio communication. This implementation takes place at the physical level (layer) of the OSI model network structure. Wireless internet is the easy way to access internet without the need for a landline. It allows you to stay in touch whilst being on the move. Just plug your USB modem into your computer for an instant internet connection to take with you on the move. Mobile IP The Mobile IP protocol allows location-independent routing of IP datagram on the Internet. Each mobile node is identified by its home address disregarding its current location in the Internet. While away from its home network, a mobile node is associated with a care-of address which identifies its current location and its home address is associated with the local endpoint of a tunnel to its home agent. Mobile IP specifies how a mobile node registers with its home agent and how the home agent routes datagrams to the mobile node through the tunnel. Mobile TCP Mobile TCP is software for forwarding SMTP server connections to the correct server, made for people travelling with a laptop, connecting to different networks. This program features the ability to check either external IP number or internal and forwarding SMTP connections to the correct SMTP server. With this program it is easy to copy your current IP numbers to the clipboard and the status window shows witch networks you have been connected to and when you sent e-mail. GPRS General packet radio service (GPRS) is a packet oriented mobile data  service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication systems global system for mobile communications (GSM). GPRS was originally standardized by European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) in response to the earlier CDPD and i-mode packet-switched cellular technologies. It is now maintained by the3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). GPRS usage is typically charged based on volume of data transferred, contrasting with circuit switched data, which is usually billed per minute of connection time. GPRS data may be sold either as part of a bundle (e.g., up to 5 GB per month for a fixed fee) or on a pay-as-you-use basis. Usage above the bundle cap is either charged per megabyte or disallowed. GPRS is a best-effort service, implying variable throughput and latency that depend on the number of other users sharing the service concurrently, as opposed to circuit switching, where a certain quality of service (QoS) is guaranteed during the connection. In 2G systems, GPRS provides data rates of 56–114 Kbit/second. 2G cellular technology combined with GPRS is sometimes described as 2.5G, that is, a technology between the second (2G) and third (3G) generations of mobile telephony. It provides moderate-speed data transfer, by using unused time division multiple access (TDMA) channels in, for example, the GSM system. Web Service A Web service is a method of communication between two electronic devices over the World Wide Web. A Web service is a software function provided at a network address over the web or the cloud, it is a service that is always on as in the concept of utility computing. The W3C defines a Web service as a software system designed to support interoperable machine-to-machine interaction over a network. It has an interface described in a machine-process able format (specifically Web Services Description Language, known by the acronym WSDL). Other systems interact with the Web service in a manner prescribed by its description using SOAP messages, typically conveyed using HTTP with an XML serialization in conjunction with other Web-related standards. The W3C also states, We can identify two major classes of Web services, REST-compliant Web services, in which the primary purpose of the service is to manipulate XML representations of Web resources using a  uniform set of stateless operations; and arbitrary Web services, in which the service may expose an arbitrary set of operations. Search Engines A web search engine is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are generally presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages (SERPs). The information may be a specialist in web pages, images, information and other types of files. Some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, search engines also maintain real-time information by running an algorithm on a web crawler. Examples on Search Engines 1. www.google.com 2. www.yahoo.com 3. www.altavista.com 4. www.excite.com 5. www.search.com 6. www.dogpile.com Keyword Searching A Keyword search looks for words anywhere in the record. Keyword searches are a good substitute for a subject search when you do not know the authorized subject heading form. Keyword may also be used as a substitute for a title or author search when you have incomplete title or author information. You may also use the Guided Keyword search option to combine search elements, group terms, or select indexes or fields to be searched. Concept based Searching Unlike keyword search systems, concept based search systems try to determine what you mean, not just what you say. In the best circumstances, a concept based search returns hits on documents that are â€Å"about† the subject you’re exploring, even if the words in the document don’t precisely match the word you enter into the query. Excite is currently the best known general purpose search engine site on the web that relies on concept based search. This is known as clustering which is essentially means that words are examined in  relation to other words found nearby. There are various methods of building clustering systems, some of which are highly complex, relaying on sophisticated linguistic and artificial intelligence theory that we won’t even attempt to go into here. Excite sticks to a numerical approach. Excites software determines meaning by calculating the frequency with which certain important words appear. When several words or phrases that are tagged to signal a particular concept appear close to each other in a text, the search engine concludes, by statistical analysis that the piece is â€Å"about† a certain subject. Refining Your Search Most sites offer two different types of searches – â€Å"basic† and â€Å"advanced†. In a â€Å"basic† search, you just enter a keyword without sifting through any pull down menus of additional options. Depending on the engine, though, â€Å"basic† searches can be quite complex. Advanced search refining options differ from one search engine to another, but some of the possibilities includes the ability to search on more than one word, to give more weight to one search term than you give to another and to exclude words that might be likely to muddy the results. You might also be able to search on proper names, on phrases and on words that are found within a certain proximity to other search terms. Many search engines now automatically recognize company names and can direct a searcher to a corporate website when such a name is entered as a query. Phrase recognition is also becoming more common; i.e. , you might expect to get relevant hits for the term cold war if you enter it without the quotation markets that typically denotes a phrases. Downloading These are tools that keep track of many web sites around the world and let you search for particular items whenever you want. The result of search is a custom list of links, pointing to whatever items the search engine found that met your criteria.

How Does Culture Affect Media?

How Does Culture Affect Media? Assignment question: How culture affect media, and media affect culture? Discuss. Introduction How culture affect media and media affect culture? Today in the twenty-first century, there is no doubt that with the social development media and culture have an intimate relationship, which can interactive affect each other. Media culture is the dominant form of culture which socializes us and provides materials for identity in terms of both social reproduction and change. Media can be any means of communication to influence the public broadly, such as television,newspaper,magazines, internet and other communications ways. Media is becoming to an essential part of our social life today. In my opinion, culture is more difficult to define. I found a definition, which is more accurate, is that â€Å"Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a groups skills, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs,values, hierarchies and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.† In the definition of media and culture both mentioned about communication that can be the most important element for media and culture. It is undeniable that media and culture have an interactive impact for each other. In this subject I am willing to introduce how culture affect the media in the first part, I will describe culture affect media through two aspects which are technological development and different country culture. Then the second part I want to argue how media affect culture through some positive factors and negative factors that media not only bring cultural communication to people, but also may bring some destructive influences on culture. Culture affect media Culture has a huge impact on media communication ways and adoption. I have a point of view that media rapid development and the rise of new media are the result of the cultural needs of people. Science and technology culture Science and technology culture is a significant factor to promote media development. Media technology which enables communication has evolved with time because of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology. 1. Newspaper Newspaper can be the main communication way in the recent period. Because written communication flourishes of ongoing technology, for instance, the invention of paper and the printing press. Also with the massive use of paper, newspaper as a carrier became the earliest mass media in the world. That read the news on newspaper was nearly the only way for people who want to take the latest information before the invention of television. 2. Television The invention of television was no single event or series of events. It depends on a complex of inventions of development in electricity, telegraphy, photography and motion pictures and radios. It can say to a big step of technology progressive advance. The first TV’s came back In the 1920’s accredited to Scotsman John Baird, then later on in the 1960’s color TV took off, a way of enhancing the viewing experience bringing the viewer closer to the real thing. Television directly leaded to a global media revolution when television started popularized to the average people around the world. Television use electric to transmit active visual image that can let more carrier such as television news, drama and even advertisements can spread information to more people. 3. Internet The advent of the Internet created a new media age after the traditional media. Media communication ways not only be limited to four traditional media of newspaper, magazine, television and radio. The beginnings of computer networks with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPAnet) project in 1969 created by the United States Department of Defense. But the Internet actually began to rapid development and commercialization in 1990’s. For example, many valuable and well-known websites such as Google, eBay and Amazon established in 1990’s. After that, the world entered into the network age in the twenty-first century. New media gradually replace the power of traditional media due to the grow up in the cyberculture, also the impact of traditional media is diminishing slowly now. The ever-accelerated updating of science and technology brings a new media heyday for people. In addition, the rise of social media is fast and prosperous on the Internet and smart phone. Social media can be any website, technology or apps to allow people to write, share, discuss and communication. And social media is a platform or tool that people share ideas, experiences and perspectives with each other. And the Apps on the smart phone provided more opportunities to develop social media. I think that the smart phone is a great contribution of science and technological culture, which can changes people ‘s lifestyle and makes the mode of transmission more convenient. The invention of smart phone also accelerates the development of new media. Media structure is constantly changing, we never know how the media will change in the future with the technological progress. Science and technology culture is just one reason affect media. Cultural differences People have different behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, hierarchy and religions by cultural differences. I will focus on how different country culture and religious culture affect media next. 1. Different country culture At first, different country cultures always affect media. It is common that people usually have the similar way of thinking in the same country. Nevertheless, different counties must their own culture and lifestyles. So for media, the attitude of government can influence how people to think about media. The media control of government is a very important reason that impact the development of the media in some ways. We can through compare the Chinese media and western media to show the differentiation of media culture between different countries. Western media have the free press that they can report the news more objectives and rational. Government can allow media provide various views to them due to the capitalist system. Media can make a comment on their state leaders or an act of government to their options. In America, media sometimes will make some fun of their president Obama even they will criticize him some conduct if they think it is improper or incorrect. Western media be relaxed and have uncontrolled freedom of speech in the overall environment. But it is rarely possible to happen in China. China is one of only a few remaining socialist countries in the world. That is a unique existence when the world almost combines into a globalization capitalist system. It is exactly because of this socialist culture that Chinese media have been in a very embarrassing situation. The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. Its tactics often entail strict media controls using monitoring systems and firewalls, shuttering publications or website. Chinese media still do not have freedom of speech even they have already improved this situation a lot due to social progress and the development of new media now. Chinese media always report the positive coverage for the reports which involved government. And the attitude of Chinese media is never can say the bad words against the Communist party and government. Especially the traditional media is fully controlled by the government. But the rapid development of the Internet helps people to get more information sources from new media. As a whole, because China is a single-party system country, government will still strictly control the media speech and I think it will be difficult to loosen the control in the future. Socialist culture can be the most important reason to affect the media in China. 2. Religious culture Secondly, religious culture also will affect people have different attitudes for media. The power of religious culture is formidable and unexpected for believers. The core values of religion are beliefs which can affect people’s ideology. But the news generally will involve religious issues sometimes. Inevitably, Media and religions usually have conflicts because some radical words will burn some believers which is religious extremist force up. Some media will yield to the pressures of religions and avoid to mention the sensitive topic of religious culture. Nevertheless, some media not afraid of religious forces. They believe no one can kill their ideas. I want to give an example that everyone must be heard the Charlie Hebdo shooting accident. It is appalling that three heavily armed masked gunmen opened fire in the Paris office of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo on Jan 7th, 2015. It resulted in the death of 12 people, including four cartoonists. Gunmen reportedly shou ted We have avenged the Prophet! When they stormed the office. Charlie Hebdo was found in 1970. It uses satire to target politicians, police, bankers and religion with its inflammatory headlines and garish cartoons. This magazine has repeatedly caricatured Muslims and their beliefs finally cause this appalling accident. But many people around the world support Charlie Hebdo to resist this attack and they think Charlie Hebdo can be a symbol of the freedom of speech. People have different beliefs make religious culture sometimes are controversial. Some media ignore to report the religious issues just because they are afraid of the religious extremist force pay attention to them. Media must be more careful to report the topic of religious culture. Media affect culture Nowadays, the rapid development of the media has a huge impact on the communication of cultural exchange in the whole world. For mass media, the paper media started an extensive cultural impact from the beginning, then the digital media significantly affect the cultural communication in the twenty-first century. Although the traditional media have some limitation and unidirectional in some ways to transmit information. But new media have brought a digital communication age for the world, which can eliminate the obstacle of time and space via the media. I willing to focus on how new media affect culture in the following paragraphs. Online culture Online culture has formed from the development of the Internet and new media. An increasingly wide range of information, ways of business, services and entertainment are now commonly make available and accessed online or through digital media. The Internet is regarded as being unique and offering something they cannot get elsewhere. Online culture is an information culture based on the Internet without national boundaries and region. People enjoy the equality, freedom and virtual of the online information. As far as I concerned, media not only has many positive influences on online culture, but also has some negative impacts on it. 1. Communication and exchange Firstly, online culture brings the convenient and efficient communication and exchange for people through constantly the development of the Internet media. In the past, people maybe need to spend a lot of time searching the information before the rise of new media. But now people can find everything they want on the Google. Google is a carrier that has indexed billions of pages and makes it easy for you to find a website or page in an instant. It is no exaggeration to say that Google almost contain the culture of the whole world. Then Wikipedia provide an enormous knowledge network for people as the largest single source of free information in the world. I believe that Google and Wikipedia are irreplaceable media for the developmental progress of online culture. For instance, if we want to learn some information about America history, we will just have to open the Google website and enter the search keywords, then we can find the information in the Wikipedia website that we no longe r need to take some times to find and read books. Personally, all online media fully embody how online culture produce convenience and efficiency to people. Nevertheless, online culture is a double-edged sword. The past fifteen years weve made significant advances in technology. The internet became more popular and then we use many social media to online chat. Now we live in a digital age where almost every people use laptops, smart phone and iPad. Do you feel close to people or further away when we cannot separated from the social media? I dont know how many times Ive sat down in a room full of people and have seen nobody talking to one another. Ill see several people sitting there on their phone or other type of mobile distraction. People are increasingly lack of face to face communication, even always playing smart phone while friends meeting. Stop your smart phone addiction, we should look up at the real world what you are missing around you. Maybe we cannot deny new media bring too many contributions and conveniences for our life and culture, but I hope people can also find some good things around us in the real world instead of alw ays use smart phone and indulge in online culture. 2. The decline of traditional culture Secondly, the rapid development of new media actually impacts some existence of the traditional culture. Online culture is gradually becoming dominant culture while the communication media are continually going through significant transformations in the age of the Internet. However, facing the online culture rising, traditional culture is slowly declining is a crisis that new media bring to us. Because along with the e-book and various apps popularized, which people can finish those all thing just on their phones or computers, there are fewer and fewer people willing to use dictionaries, read newspapers or go to bookstores. I can understand the media development can be a mirror of social progress, but I am not willing to see the decline of reading from paper even many bookstores face collapse. In my hometown, my favorite bookstore has moved to a place where more faraway but have cheaper rent. They cannot pay the expensive rent due to the decline of customers and profits. Although we cannot stop the ever-accelerated development of society, but I hope more people can realize that we need to protect and retain our culture. Children This chapter describes the negative and positive effects of media on children. Computer and other media use can influence children’ s neurological development, cognitive development, sexual behavior, attitudes, knowledge and perceptions of self as well as involving the use of substances such as drugs and alcohol. The positive impact is media produce many learning opportunities to study all aspects of knowledge, and also media enrich the space time of children’ s life. However, negative media effects for children cannot be ignored. For example, children who view a large amount of violent programming, can become desensitized to the violence and become more aggressive in their own play and other behavior. Furthermore, media have negative effects on the health of the children. Children spend too much time listening MP3 will impact their hearing and use phone or computer for a long time will give children decreased vision. In my opinion, parents should encourage children rea d more books and do some outdoors sports. Economic effects New media have already formed industrial clusters to produce the huge effects of social economy and culture. Under the information-based society and market economies conditions, new media became the most important way for the modern economy to keep information communication with the social environment and the target public. In an era of information surplus, If the companies want to survive and development, they will be able to convey the product message to target audience effectively. Today because people devote a significant amount of their daily time to digital channels, the Internet has become a highly precise, interactive mass medium. New media can produce the best possible result for economic effects in public information communications. Business advertising on various digital media, such as search engines, email, social media and Apps. Advertisements make a contribution to business economics and bring great benefits to media at the same time. In addition, the advent of new media also brings the new culture of economic industry, which represented by internet industry, mobile communication industry and digital media industry. Especially, the continuous expansion of the scale of the new media drives the development of other relevant industries, such as website construction, website maintenance, content provide, technical service and other industry developments. New media give a new pattern for economic culture. Cultural globalization Media cross the distance between the people around the world to bring a globalized world for us. Cultural globalization is the inevitable result of social progress. But It is undeniable that the new media is an important role to promote the culture becomes more globalization and cultural fusion. In my opinion, culture has become more globalization with a variety of ways since World War two. Media make the range of cultural communication more broadly. Whatever the traditional media or new media, they both bring culture to people around the world. Social media is one of them have great impact for the communication of culture. The advent of social media makes information sources this proper noun becomes popular. Social media provide an equal and public platform for all people, including government, media, companies, personal and so on that everyone can release the information and see the information on the social media platform. If this platform becomes globalization, it will make people to share the various information and culture more convenient around the world. We are increasingly both bound together and separated by the globalized networks of information communication technology. Regardless of what kind of social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, Google and Twitter, they all play an increasing role in cultural integration and this influence of globalization. Facebook can be a good example to show how social media affects culture. Facebook is the biggest social media website in the world. This social media website has gradually changed people’s life since it founding in 2004. Facebook be successfully developed to have global users, then it resulted in the globalization of information and more cultural exchange. Different cultures are connecting and integrating while people from different places are communicating with each other on Facebook.